Mu gihe intumwa z’ibihugu zitangiye kwitegura inama ikomeye izabera mu Muryango w’Abibumbye (Loni) igamije kuganira ku hazaza h’imisoro mpuzamahanga, impuguke n’imiryango iharanira inyungu rusange byatanze umuburo ko Isi idashobora gukomeza kwihanganira uburyo bw’imisoro bwitwa ko bwacitse intege, butuma buri mwaka amagana ya miliyari z’amadolari atakara, mu gihe ibibazo by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bikomeza gufata indi ntera.
Inama y’Amasezerano ya Loni yerekeye imisoro (UN Tax Convention), iteganyijwe kuba kuva tariki 3 kugeza ku ya 13 Kanama 2026, ifatwa nk’igihe gikomeye kizagena ejo hazaza h’ubusugire bw’ubukungu ndetse n’urugamba rwo kurengera ibidukikije.
Mu kiganiro n’abanyamakuru cyabereye kuri murandasi kuri uyu wa Kane tariki 30 Nyakanga 2026, impuguke zavuze ko aya masezerano ashobora guhindura amateka, agashyiraho uburyo buhatira ibigo n’abakire bakomeye ku Isi bafite uruhare runini mu kwangiza ibidukikije kwishyura ibyangiritse.
Guhuza ubutabera mu misoro n’ubutabera mu kurengera ibidukikije
Umuyobozi ushinzwe gahunda z’imari n’iterambere mu muryango Asian Peoples’ Movement on Debt and Development (APMDD), Jeannie Manipon, yavuze ko ubutabera mu misoro budashobora gutandukanywa n’ubutabera mu kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Yavuze kandi ko abaturage bo muri Aziya, cyane cyane muri Philippines, bakomeje guhura n’inkubi z’umuyaga zikomeye zabaye ibisanzwe, nyamara ari bo bafite uruhare ruto mu gutera ikibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Yagize ati:
“Iyo dusabye leta kongera amafaranga agenewe ibikorwa byo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, dusubizwa ko nta bushobozi buhari. Ariko ntitwakwemera iyo mpamvu mu gihe tuzi ko buri mwaka hafi miliyari 500 z’amadolari zitakazwa kubera uburiganya bukorwa n’ibigo bikomeye ndetse n’abaherwe.”
Manipon yasabye ko Amasezerano ya Loni yashyiramo ihame rivuga ko ‘uwangije ibidukikije ari we ugomba kubyishyura’, rikajya rikoreshwa mu gusoresha inyungu z’ibigo bicukura peteroli na gaz.
Yavuze ko iyo hashyirwaho umusoro w’inyongera wa 20% ku nyungu z’ibigo 100 bikomeye ku isi bicukura peteroli na gaz hagati ya 2022 na 2024, hari kuboneka miliyari nyinshi z’amadolari zagenewe ibikorwa byo kurengera ibidukikije.
Yanavuze ko iyo ubu buryo buba bwarashyizweho kuva amasezerano ya Paris yo mu 2015 yasinywa, amafaranga arenga tiriyoni imwe y’amadolari yari kuba amaze kuboneka yo gufasha ibihugu guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Impuguke zivuga ko inyandiko iri kuganirwaho idahagije
N’ubwo ibyo biganiro bifite uburemere bukomeye, hari impungenge ko inyandiko iri kuganirwaho itarimo ingamba zihagije.
Umuyobozi w’ibikorwa bya politiki muri Greenpeace International, Rebecca Newsom, yavuze ko inyandiko yasohotse mu cyumweru gishize itagaragaza neza uburyo abakire n’ibigo byangiza ibidukikije bazabazwa ibyo bakoze.
Yagaragaje ko ihame rivuga ko ‘uwangije ibidukikije ari we ubiryozwa’ ritagaragara na gato muri iyo nyandiko, anavuga ko ingingo ivuga ku misoro y’abafite umutungo munini kurusha abandi ahubwo yagabanyijwe imbaraga ugereranyije n’inyandiko zari zasohotse muri Mutarama.
Newsom yavuze kandi ko ibi bitajyanye n’uburemere bw’ikibazo isi ihanganye na cyo, atanga urugero rw’ubushyuhe bukabije bwibasiye u Burayi mu mpera za Kamena bugahitana abantu barenga ibihumbi 10, ndetse n’inkongi z’umuriro zo muri Nyakanga zasize abantu ibihumbi amagana bavuye mu byabo.
Mu gihe ibyo byose biba, ibigo bicukura peteroli bikomeje gutangaza inyungu zidasanzwe, aho yatanze urugero rwa Shell, yatangaje inyungu hafi miliyari 10 z’amadolari mu gihembwe cya kabiri cya 2026.
Newsom yavuze ko ayo mafaranga yonyine yari gushobora kubaka imishinga y’ingufu z’umuyaga ihagije yo guha amashanyarazi ingo miliyoni 5.8 mu Bwongereza.
Ubushakashatsi bwa Greenpeace bugaragaza kandi ko abakire bangana na 0.01% by’abatuye Isi bateje umwenda ujyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ubarirwa hafi miliyari 992 z’amadolari muri 2022 binyuze mu ishoramari ryabo mu nganda zanduza cyane zirimo iza peteroli na gaz.
Uburyo ibigo mpuzamahanga bihisha inyungu kugira ngo byirinde imisoro
Umushakashatsi muri Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO), Vincent Kiezebrink, akaba n’umwe mu banditse raporo yiswe ‘The Shell Files’, yavuze ko ikibazo gikomeye kiri mu buryo ibigo mpuzamahanga byimurira inyungu zabyo mu bihugu bifite imisoro mito kugira ngo byirinde kwishyura aho bikorera.
Hashingiwe ku nyandiko z’ibanga zirenga ibihumbi 200 zasohotse, raporo igaragaza ko Shell yakoresheje ishami ryayo rikorera muri Bahamas mu kwimurira inyungu ziva mu bucuruzi bwa peteroli, bityo ikagabanya imisoro yagombaga kwishyura mu bindi bihugu.
Raporo kandi ivuga ko amashami ya Shell akorera mu Buholandi no mu Bwongereza, n’ubwo akoresha ibihumbi by’abakozi, amaze imyaka myinshi agaragaza ko nta nyungu agira kubera uburyo abarura ibiciro by’imbere mu kigo.
Abashakashatsi bavuga ko ibyo bishobora kuba binyuranyije n’amategeko, bikaba byaratumye ibihugu bitakaza amafaranga menshi y’imisoro.
Kiezebrink yasabye ko Loni yakwemera uburyo bushya bwo gusoresha ibigo mpuzamahanga hashingiwe ku nyungu zabyo zose ku rwego rw’Isi, aho gukomeza kwemera uburyo butuma bikoresha amayeri y’ibaruramari mu guhisha inyungu.
Harasabwa gushyirwaho ububiko mpuzamahanga bw’umutungo
Impuguke mu butabera bw’imisoro muri Impuzamiryango yo muri Amerika y’Epfo na Karayibe ishinzwe Ubutabera bw’Ubukungu, Imibereho y’Abaturage n’Iteganyagihe (LATINDADD), Klelia Guerrero García, yavuze ko ibihugu byinshi cyane cyane ibyo mu Majyepfo y’Isi bidashobora gusoresha abakire kuko bitazi aho umutungo wabo uherereye.
Yasabye ko muri aya masezerano hashyirwamo gahunda yo gushyiraho ububiko mpuzamahanga bw’umutungo (Global Asset Registry), bwafasha kumenya ba nyir’ukuri b’amasosiyete n’imitungo bihishwa mu bihugu by’imisoro mito.
Yagize ati:
“Ntidushobora gusoresha umutungo tutazi aho uherereye. Niba ibihugu bishaka koko kugabanya ubusumbane no kubona amafaranga yo kurengera ibidukikije, ubu bubiko bugomba kuba kimwe mu bice by’ingenzi by’aya masezerano.”
Impaka za politiki ku rwego mpuzamahanga
Umuhuzabikorwa w’Ubutabera mu Misoro mu Burayi (Tax Justice Europe), Tove Maria Ryding, yavuze ko inyandiko iri kuganirwaho isa n’itandukanye n’intego nyamukuru z’aya masezerano.
Yanenze uburyo bw’ Umuryango w’Ubufatanye n’Iterambere ry’Ubukungu (OECD) bwamaze imyaka myinshi buyobora amategeko mpuzamahanga y’imisoro, avuga ko bwananiwe gutanga ubutabera ku bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere.
Yavuze ko ibihugu bikize byongeye kwitabira ibiganiro cyane cyane kubera impungenge zo gusigara inyuma, mu gihe ibihugu biri mu Majyepfo y’Isi bisaba uburyo bushya bubiha uburenganzira busesuye bwo gusoresha ibikorwa bikorerwa ku butaka bwabyo.
Mu gihe hasigaye iminsi mike ngo ibiganiro bitangire tariki 3 Kanama, ibihugu n’imiryango myinshi ikomeje gusaba ko Amasezerano ya Loni ku misoro yaba intambwe ikomeye mu guca burundu uburyo bw’imisoro bufasha abakire n’ibigo bikomeye guhisha inyungu.
Abasesenguzi bavuga ko niba aya masezerano azashyirwamo amahame y’ubutabera, gukorera mu mucyo no kuryozwa abangiza ibidukikije, ashobora kuba imwe mu ntambwe zikomeye Isi yigeze gutera mu rugamba rwo kurwanya ubusumbane ndetse n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
